SUBROUTINE DTGSNA( JOB, HOWMNY, SELECT, N, A, LDA, B, LDB, VL,
$ LDVL, VR, LDVR, S, DIF, MM, M, WORK, LWORK,
$ IWORK, INFO )
*
* -- LAPACK routine (version 3.1) --
* Univ. of Tennessee, Univ. of California Berkeley and NAG Ltd..
* November 2006
*
* .. Scalar Arguments ..
CHARACTER HOWMNY, JOB
INTEGER INFO, LDA, LDB, LDVL, LDVR, LWORK, M, MM, N
* ..
* .. Array Arguments ..
LOGICAL SELECT( * )
INTEGER IWORK( * )
DOUBLE PRECISION A( LDA, * ), B( LDB, * ), DIF( * ), S( * ),
$ VL( LDVL, * ), VR( LDVR, * ), WORK( * )
* ..
*
* Purpose
* =======
*
* DTGSNA estimates reciprocal condition numbers for specified
* eigenvalues and/or eigenvectors of a matrix pair (A, B) in
* generalized real Schur canonical form (or of any matrix pair
* (Q*A*Z', Q*B*Z') with orthogonal matrices Q and Z, where
* Z' denotes the transpose of Z.
*
* (A, B) must be in generalized real Schur form (as returned by DGGES),
* i.e. A is block upper triangular with 1-by-1 and 2-by-2 diagonal
* blocks. B is upper triangular.
*
*
* Arguments
* =========
*
* JOB (input) CHARACTER*1
* Specifies whether condition numbers are required for
* eigenvalues (S) or eigenvectors (DIF):
* = 'E': for eigenvalues only (S);
* = 'V': for eigenvectors only (DIF);
* = 'B': for both eigenvalues and eigenvectors (S and DIF).
*
* HOWMNY (input) CHARACTER*1
* = 'A': compute condition numbers for all eigenpairs;
* = 'S': compute condition numbers for selected eigenpairs
* specified by the array SELECT.
*
* SELECT (input) LOGICAL array, dimension (N)
* If HOWMNY = 'S', SELECT specifies the eigenpairs for which
* condition numbers are required. To select condition numbers
* for the eigenpair corresponding to a real eigenvalue w(j),
* SELECT(j) must be set to .TRUE.. To select condition numbers
* corresponding to a complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues w(j)
* and w(j+1), either SELECT(j) or SELECT(j+1) or both, must be
* set to .TRUE..
* If HOWMNY = 'A', SELECT is not referenced.
*
* N (input) INTEGER
* The order of the square matrix pair (A, B). N >= 0.
*
* A (input) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDA,N)
* The upper quasi-triangular matrix A in the pair (A,B).
*
* LDA (input) INTEGER
* The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N).
*
* B (input) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDB,N)
* The upper triangular matrix B in the pair (A,B).
*
* LDB (input) INTEGER
* The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max(1,N).
*
* VL (input) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVL,M)
* If JOB = 'E' or 'B', VL must contain left eigenvectors of
* (A, B), corresponding to the eigenpairs specified by HOWMNY
* and SELECT. The eigenvectors must be stored in consecutive
* columns of VL, as returned by DTGEVC.
* If JOB = 'V', VL is not referenced.
*
* LDVL (input) INTEGER
* The leading dimension of the array VL. LDVL >= 1.
* If JOB = 'E' or 'B', LDVL >= N.
*
* VR (input) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVR,M)
* If JOB = 'E' or 'B', VR must contain right eigenvectors of
* (A, B), corresponding to the eigenpairs specified by HOWMNY
* and SELECT. The eigenvectors must be stored in consecutive
* columns ov VR, as returned by DTGEVC.
* If JOB = 'V', VR is not referenced.
*
* LDVR (input) INTEGER
* The leading dimension of the array VR. LDVR >= 1.
* If JOB = 'E' or 'B', LDVR >= N.
*
* S (output) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MM)
* If JOB = 'E' or 'B', the reciprocal condition numbers of the
* selected eigenvalues, stored in consecutive elements of the
* array. For a complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues two
* consecutive elements of S are set to the same value. Thus
* S(j), DIF(j), and the j-th columns of VL and VR all
* correspond to the same eigenpair (but not in general the
* j-th eigenpair, unless all eigenpairs are selected).
* If JOB = 'V', S is not referenced.
*
* DIF (output) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MM)
* If JOB = 'V' or 'B', the estimated reciprocal condition
* numbers of the selected eigenvectors, stored in consecutive
* elements of the array. For a complex eigenvector two
* consecutive elements of DIF are set to the same value. If
* the eigenvalues cannot be reordered to compute DIF(j), DIF(j)
* is set to 0; this can only occur when the true value would be
* very small anyway.
* If JOB = 'E', DIF is not referenced.
*
* MM (input) INTEGER
* The number of elements in the arrays S and DIF. MM >= M.
*
* M (output) INTEGER
* The number of elements of the arrays S and DIF used to store
* the specified condition numbers; for each selected real
* eigenvalue one element is used, and for each selected complex
* conjugate pair of eigenvalues, two elements are used.
* If HOWMNY = 'A', M is set to N.
*
* WORK (workspace/output) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
* On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK.
*
* LWORK (input) INTEGER
* The dimension of the array WORK. LWORK >= max(1,N).
* If JOB = 'V' or 'B' LWORK >= 2*N*(N+2)+16.
*
* If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine
* only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns
* this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error
* message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA.
*
* IWORK (workspace) INTEGER array, dimension (N + 6)
* If JOB = 'E', IWORK is not referenced.
*
* INFO (output) INTEGER
* =0: Successful exit
* <0: If INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value
*
*
* Further Details
* ===============
*
* The reciprocal of the condition number of a generalized eigenvalue
* w = (a, b) is defined as
*
* S(w) = (|u'Av|**2 + |u'Bv|**2)**(1/2) / (norm(u)*norm(v))
*
* where u and v are the left and right eigenvectors of (A, B)
* corresponding to w; |z| denotes the absolute value of the complex
* number, and norm(u) denotes the 2-norm of the vector u.
* The pair (a, b) corresponds to an eigenvalue w = a/b (= u'Av/u'Bv)
* of the matrix pair (A, B). If both a and b equal zero, then (A B) is
* singular and S(I) = -1 is returned.
*
* An approximate error bound on the chordal distance between the i-th
* computed generalized eigenvalue w and the corresponding exact
* eigenvalue lambda is
*
* chord(w, lambda) <= EPS * norm(A, B) / S(I)
*
* where EPS is the machine precision.
*
* The reciprocal of the condition number DIF(i) of right eigenvector u
* and left eigenvector v corresponding to the generalized eigenvalue w
* is defined as follows:
*
* a) If the i-th eigenvalue w = (a,b) is real
*
* Suppose U and V are orthogonal transformations such that
*
* U'*(A, B)*V = (S, T) = ( a * ) ( b * ) 1
* ( 0 S22 ),( 0 T22 ) n-1
* 1 n-1 1 n-1
*
* Then the reciprocal condition number DIF(i) is
*
* Difl((a, b), (S22, T22)) = sigma-min( Zl ),
*
* where sigma-min(Zl) denotes the smallest singular value of the
* 2(n-1)-by-2(n-1) matrix
*
* Zl = [ kron(a, In-1) -kron(1, S22) ]
* [ kron(b, In-1) -kron(1, T22) ] .
*
* Here In-1 is the identity matrix of size n-1. kron(X, Y) is the
* Kronecker product between the matrices X and Y.
*
* Note that if the default method for computing DIF(i) is wanted
* (see DLATDF), then the parameter DIFDRI (see below) should be
* changed from 3 to 4 (routine DLATDF(IJOB = 2 will be used)).
* See DTGSYL for more details.
*
* b) If the i-th and (i+1)-th eigenvalues are complex conjugate pair,
*
* Suppose U and V are orthogonal transformations such that
*
* U'*(A, B)*V = (S, T) = ( S11 * ) ( T11 * ) 2
* ( 0 S22 ),( 0 T22) n-2
* 2 n-2 2 n-2
*
* and (S11, T11) corresponds to the complex conjugate eigenvalue
* pair (w, conjg(w)). There exist unitary matrices U1 and V1 such
* that
*
* U1'*S11*V1 = ( s11 s12 ) and U1'*T11*V1 = ( t11 t12 )
* ( 0 s22 ) ( 0 t22 )
*
* where the generalized eigenvalues w = s11/t11 and
* conjg(w) = s22/t22.
*
* Then the reciprocal condition number DIF(i) is bounded by
*
* min( d1, max( 1, |real(s11)/real(s22)| )*d2 )
*
* where, d1 = Difl((s11, t11), (s22, t22)) = sigma-min(Z1), where
* Z1 is the complex 2-by-2 matrix
*
* Z1 = [ s11 -s22 ]
* [ t11 -t22 ],
*
* This is done by computing (using real arithmetic) the
* roots of the characteristical polynomial det(Z1' * Z1 - lambda I),
* where Z1' denotes the conjugate transpose of Z1 and det(X) denotes
* the determinant of X.
*
* and d2 is an upper bound on Difl((S11, T11), (S22, T22)), i.e. an
* upper bound on sigma-min(Z2), where Z2 is (2n-2)-by-(2n-2)
*
* Z2 = [ kron(S11', In-2) -kron(I2, S22) ]
* [ kron(T11', In-2) -kron(I2, T22) ]
*
* Note that if the default method for computing DIF is wanted (see
* DLATDF), then the parameter DIFDRI (see below) should be changed
* from 3 to 4 (routine DLATDF(IJOB = 2 will be used)). See DTGSYL
* for more details.
*
* For each eigenvalue/vector specified by SELECT, DIF stores a
* Frobenius norm-based estimate of Difl.
*
* An approximate error bound for the i-th computed eigenvector VL(i) or
* VR(i) is given by
*
* EPS * norm(A, B) / DIF(i).
*
* See ref. [2-3] for more details and further references.
*
* Based on contributions by
* Bo Kagstrom and Peter Poromaa, Department of Computing Science,
* Umea University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden.
*
* References
* ==========
*
* [1] B. Kagstrom; A Direct Method for Reordering Eigenvalues in the
* Generalized Real Schur Form of a Regular Matrix Pair (A, B), in
* M.S. Moonen et al (eds), Linear Algebra for Large Scale and
* Real-Time Applications, Kluwer Academic Publ. 1993, pp 195-218.
*
* [2] B. Kagstrom and P. Poromaa; Computing Eigenspaces with Specified
* Eigenvalues of a Regular Matrix Pair (A, B) and Condition
* Estimation: Theory, Algorithms and Software,
* Report UMINF - 94.04, Department of Computing Science, Umea
* University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden, 1994. Also as LAPACK Working
* Note 87. To appear in Numerical Algorithms, 1996.
*
* [3] B. Kagstrom and P. Poromaa, LAPACK-Style Algorithms and Software
* for Solving the Generalized Sylvester Equation and Estimating the
* Separation between Regular Matrix Pairs, Report UMINF - 93.23,
* Department of Computing Science, Umea University, S-901 87 Umea,
* Sweden, December 1993, Revised April 1994, Also as LAPACK Working
* Note 75. To appear in ACM Trans. on Math. Software, Vol 22,
* No 1, 1996.
*
* =====================================================================
*
* .. Parameters ..
INTEGER DIFDRI
PARAMETER ( DIFDRI = 3 )
DOUBLE PRECISION ZERO, ONE, TWO, FOUR
PARAMETER ( ZERO = 0.0D+0, ONE = 1.0D+0, TWO = 2.0D+0,
$ FOUR = 4.0D+0 )
* ..
* .. Local Scalars ..
LOGICAL LQUERY, PAIR, SOMCON, WANTBH, WANTDF, WANTS
INTEGER I, IERR, IFST, ILST, IZ, K, KS, LWMIN, N1, N2
DOUBLE PRECISION ALPHAI, ALPHAR, ALPRQT, BETA, C1, C2, COND,
$ EPS, LNRM, RNRM, ROOT1, ROOT2, SCALE, SMLNUM,
$ TMPII, TMPIR, TMPRI, TMPRR, UHAV, UHAVI, UHBV,
$ UHBVI
* ..
* .. Local Arrays ..
DOUBLE PRECISION DUMMY( 1 ), DUMMY1( 1 )
* ..
* .. External Functions ..
LOGICAL LSAME
DOUBLE PRECISION DDOT, DLAMCH, DLAPY2, DNRM2
EXTERNAL LSAME, DDOT, DLAMCH, DLAPY2, DNRM2
* ..
* .. External Subroutines ..
EXTERNAL DGEMV, DLACPY, DLAG2, DTGEXC, DTGSYL, XERBLA
* ..
* .. Intrinsic Functions ..
INTRINSIC MAX, MIN, SQRT
* ..
* .. Executable Statements ..
*
* Decode and test the input parameters
*
WANTBH = LSAME( JOB, 'B' )
WANTS = LSAME( JOB, 'E' ) .OR. WANTBH
WANTDF = LSAME( JOB, 'V' ) .OR. WANTBH
*
SOMCON = LSAME( HOWMNY, 'S' )
*
INFO = 0
LQUERY = ( LWORK.EQ.-1 )
*
IF( .NOT.WANTS .AND. .NOT.WANTDF ) THEN
INFO = -1
ELSE IF( .NOT.LSAME( HOWMNY, 'A' ) .AND. .NOT.SOMCON ) THEN
INFO = -2
ELSE IF( N.LT.0 ) THEN
INFO = -4
ELSE IF( LDA.LT.MAX( 1, N ) ) THEN
INFO = -6
ELSE IF( LDB.LT.MAX( 1, N ) ) THEN
INFO = -8
ELSE IF( WANTS .AND. LDVL.LT.N ) THEN
INFO = -10
ELSE IF( WANTS .AND. LDVR.LT.N ) THEN
INFO = -12
ELSE
*
* Set M to the number of eigenpairs for which condition numbers
* are required, and test MM.
*
IF( SOMCON ) THEN
M = 0
PAIR = .FALSE.
DO 10 K = 1, N
IF( PAIR ) THEN
PAIR = .FALSE.
ELSE
IF( K.LT.N ) THEN
IF( A( K+1, K ).EQ.ZERO ) THEN
IF( SELECT( K ) )
$ M = M + 1
ELSE
PAIR = .TRUE.
IF( SELECT( K ) .OR. SELECT( K+1 ) )
$ M = M + 2
END IF
ELSE
IF( SELECT( N ) )
$ M = M + 1
END IF
END IF
10 CONTINUE
ELSE
M = N
END IF
*
IF( N.EQ.0 ) THEN
LWMIN = 1
ELSE IF( LSAME( JOB, 'V' ) .OR. LSAME( JOB, 'B' ) ) THEN
LWMIN = 2*N*( N + 2 ) + 16
ELSE
LWMIN = N
END IF
WORK( 1 ) = LWMIN
*
IF( MM.LT.M ) THEN
INFO = -15
ELSE IF( LWORK.LT.LWMIN .AND. .NOT.LQUERY ) THEN
INFO = -18
END IF
END IF
*
IF( INFO.NE.0 ) THEN
CALL XERBLA( 'DTGSNA', -INFO )
RETURN
ELSE IF( LQUERY ) THEN
RETURN
END IF
*
* Quick return if possible
*
IF( N.EQ.0 )
$ RETURN
*
* Get machine constants
*
EPS = DLAMCH( 'P' )
SMLNUM = DLAMCH( 'S' ) / EPS
KS = 0
PAIR = .FALSE.
*
DO 20 K = 1, N
*
* Determine whether A(k,k) begins a 1-by-1 or 2-by-2 block.
*
IF( PAIR ) THEN
PAIR = .FALSE.
GO TO 20
ELSE
IF( K.LT.N )
$ PAIR = A( K+1, K ).NE.ZERO
END IF
*
* Determine whether condition numbers are required for the k-th
* eigenpair.
*
IF( SOMCON ) THEN
IF( PAIR ) THEN
IF( .NOT.SELECT( K ) .AND. .NOT.SELECT( K+1 ) )
$ GO TO 20
ELSE
IF( .NOT.SELECT( K ) )
$ GO TO 20
END IF
END IF
*
KS = KS + 1
*
IF( WANTS ) THEN
*
* Compute the reciprocal condition number of the k-th
* eigenvalue.
*
IF( PAIR ) THEN
*
* Complex eigenvalue pair.
*
RNRM = DLAPY2( DNRM2( N, VR( 1, KS ), 1 ),
$ DNRM2( N, VR( 1, KS+1 ), 1 ) )
LNRM = DLAPY2( DNRM2( N, VL( 1, KS ), 1 ),
$ DNRM2( N, VL( 1, KS+1 ), 1 ) )
CALL DGEMV( 'N', N, N, ONE, A, LDA, VR( 1, KS ), 1, ZERO,
$ WORK, 1 )
TMPRR = DDOT( N, WORK, 1, VL( 1, KS ), 1 )
TMPRI = DDOT( N, WORK, 1, VL( 1, KS+1 ), 1 )
CALL DGEMV( 'N', N, N, ONE, A, LDA, VR( 1, KS+1 ), 1,
$ ZERO, WORK, 1 )
TMPII = DDOT( N, WORK, 1, VL( 1, KS+1 ), 1 )
TMPIR = DDOT( N, WORK, 1, VL( 1, KS ), 1 )
UHAV = TMPRR + TMPII
UHAVI = TMPIR - TMPRI
CALL DGEMV( 'N', N, N, ONE, B, LDB, VR( 1, KS ), 1, ZERO,
$ WORK, 1 )
TMPRR = DDOT( N, WORK, 1, VL( 1, KS ), 1 )
TMPRI = DDOT( N, WORK, 1, VL( 1, KS+1 ), 1 )
CALL DGEMV( 'N', N, N, ONE, B, LDB, VR( 1, KS+1 ), 1,
$ ZERO, WORK, 1 )
TMPII = DDOT( N, WORK, 1, VL( 1, KS+1 ), 1 )
TMPIR = DDOT( N, WORK, 1, VL( 1, KS ), 1 )
UHBV = TMPRR + TMPII
UHBVI = TMPIR - TMPRI
UHAV = DLAPY2( UHAV, UHAVI )
UHBV = DLAPY2( UHBV, UHBVI )
COND = DLAPY2( UHAV, UHBV )
S( KS ) = COND / ( RNRM*LNRM )
S( KS+1 ) = S( KS )
*
ELSE
*
* Real eigenvalue.
*
RNRM = DNRM2( N, VR( 1, KS ), 1 )
LNRM = DNRM2( N, VL( 1, KS ), 1 )
CALL DGEMV( 'N', N, N, ONE, A, LDA, VR( 1, KS ), 1, ZERO,
$ WORK, 1 )
UHAV = DDOT( N, WORK, 1, VL( 1, KS ), 1 )
CALL DGEMV( 'N', N, N, ONE, B, LDB, VR( 1, KS ), 1, ZERO,
$ WORK, 1 )
UHBV = DDOT( N, WORK, 1, VL( 1, KS ), 1 )
COND = DLAPY2( UHAV, UHBV )
IF( COND.EQ.ZERO ) THEN
S( KS ) = -ONE
ELSE
S( KS ) = COND / ( RNRM*LNRM )
END IF
END IF
END IF
*
IF( WANTDF ) THEN
IF( N.EQ.1 ) THEN
DIF( KS ) = DLAPY2( A( 1, 1 ), B( 1, 1 ) )
GO TO 20
END IF
*
* Estimate the reciprocal condition number of the k-th
* eigenvectors.
IF( PAIR ) THEN
*
* Copy the 2-by 2 pencil beginning at (A(k,k), B(k, k)).
* Compute the eigenvalue(s) at position K.
*
WORK( 1 ) = A( K, K )
WORK( 2 ) = A( K+1, K )
WORK( 3 ) = A( K, K+1 )
WORK( 4 ) = A( K+1, K+1 )
WORK( 5 ) = B( K, K )
WORK( 6 ) = B( K+1, K )
WORK( 7 ) = B( K, K+1 )
WORK( 8 ) = B( K+1, K+1 )
CALL DLAG2( WORK, 2, WORK( 5 ), 2, SMLNUM*EPS, BETA,
$ DUMMY1( 1 ), ALPHAR, DUMMY( 1 ), ALPHAI )
ALPRQT = ONE
C1 = TWO*( ALPHAR*ALPHAR+ALPHAI*ALPHAI+BETA*BETA )
C2 = FOUR*BETA*BETA*ALPHAI*ALPHAI
ROOT1 = C1 + SQRT( C1*C1-4.0D0*C2 )
ROOT2 = C2 / ROOT1
ROOT1 = ROOT1 / TWO
COND = MIN( SQRT( ROOT1 ), SQRT( ROOT2 ) )
END IF
*
* Copy the matrix (A, B) to the array WORK and swap the
* diagonal block beginning at A(k,k) to the (1,1) position.
*
CALL DLACPY( 'Full', N, N, A, LDA, WORK, N )
CALL DLACPY( 'Full', N, N, B, LDB, WORK( N*N+1 ), N )
IFST = K
ILST = 1
*
CALL DTGEXC( .FALSE., .FALSE., N, WORK, N, WORK( N*N+1 ), N,
$ DUMMY, 1, DUMMY1, 1, IFST, ILST,
$ WORK( N*N*2+1 ), LWORK-2*N*N, IERR )
*
IF( IERR.GT.0 ) THEN
*
* Ill-conditioned problem - swap rejected.
*
DIF( KS ) = ZERO
ELSE
*
* Reordering successful, solve generalized Sylvester
* equation for R and L,
* A22 * R - L * A11 = A12
* B22 * R - L * B11 = B12,
* and compute estimate of Difl((A11,B11), (A22, B22)).
*
N1 = 1
IF( WORK( 2 ).NE.ZERO )
$ N1 = 2
N2 = N - N1
IF( N2.EQ.0 ) THEN
DIF( KS ) = COND
ELSE
I = N*N + 1
IZ = 2*N*N + 1
CALL DTGSYL( 'N', DIFDRI, N2, N1, WORK( N*N1+N1+1 ),
$ N, WORK, N, WORK( N1+1 ), N,
$ WORK( N*N1+N1+I ), N, WORK( I ), N,
$ WORK( N1+I ), N, SCALE, DIF( KS ),
$ WORK( IZ+1 ), LWORK-2*N*N, IWORK, IERR )
*
IF( PAIR )
$ DIF( KS ) = MIN( MAX( ONE, ALPRQT )*DIF( KS ),
$ COND )
END IF
END IF
IF( PAIR )
$ DIF( KS+1 ) = DIF( KS )
END IF
IF( PAIR )
$ KS = KS + 1
*
20 CONTINUE
WORK( 1 ) = LWMIN
RETURN
*
* End of DTGSNA
*
END