<?xml version="1.0"?>
<div class="add">

<b>let </b><font color="Maroon" title="c1">x</font>, <font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font> be  <a href="xreal_0.html#V1" title="XREAL_0:attr.1">real</a>  <a href="ordinal1.html#NM1" title="ORDINAL1:NM.1">number</a> ;<br/><b>let </b><font color="Maroon" title="c3">r</font> be  <a href="xreal_0.html#V1" title="XREAL_0:attr.1">real</a> <a href="xxreal_0.html#V2" title="XXREAL_0:attr.2">positive</a>  <a href="ordinal1.html#NM1" title="ORDINAL1:NM.1">number</a> ;<br/>



<b>assume </b><a NAME="E1:34"/><i><font color="Green" title="E28">A1</font></i>: 
<font color="Maroon" title="c3">r</font> <a href="xxreal_0.html#R1" title="XXREAL_0:pred.1">&lt;=</a> <font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font>
 ;<br/>

<a NAME="E2:34"/><b>then </b><i><font color="Green" title="E29">A2</font></i>: 
<span class="p1">(<span class="default"><a href="topreal9.html#K1" title="TOPREAL9:func.1">Ball</a> <span class="p2"><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">|[</a><span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c1">x</font>,<font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font></span><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">]|</a></span>,<font color="Maroon" title="c3">r</font></span>)</span> <a href="subset_1.html#K9" title="SUBSET_1:func.9">/\</a> <a href="topgen_5.html#K2" title="TOPGEN_5:func.2">y&gt;=0-plane</a>  is  <a href="pre_topc.html#V3" title="PRE_TOPC:attr.3">open</a> <a href="struct_0.html#NM2" title="STRUCT_0:NM.2">Subset</a> of <a href="topgen_5.html#K3" title="TOPGEN_5:func.3">Niemytzki-plane</a> 
 
<b>by </b><i><a class="ref" href="topgen_5.html#T32" target="_self" title="TOPGEN_5:th.32">Th32</a></i>;<br/>
<a NAME="E3:34"/>
 <a href="topreal9.html#K1" title="TOPREAL9:func.1">Ball</a> <span class="p1"><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">|[</a><span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c1">x</font>,<font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font></span><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">]|</a></span>,<font color="Maroon" title="c3">r</font> <a href="tarski.html#R1" title="TARSKI:pred.1">c=</a>  <a href="topgen_5.html#K2" title="TOPGEN_5:func.2">y&gt;=0-plane</a> 
 
<div><a class="txt" onclick="hs2(this)" href="javascript:()" title="34_1"><b>proof </b></a><div class="add">

<b>let </b><font color="Maroon" title="c4">a</font> be    <a href="hidden.html#M1" title="HIDDEN:mode.1">set</a> ; <i><font color="Red">:: according to </font></i><a class="ref" href="tarski.html#D3" title="TARSKI:def.3">TARSKI:def 3</a><br/>

<b>assume </b><a NAME="E1:34_1"/><i><font color="Green" title="E30">A3</font></i>: 
<font color="Maroon" title="c4">a</font> <a href="hidden.html#R2" title="HIDDEN:pred.2">in</a>  <a href="topreal9.html#K1" title="TOPREAL9:func.1">Ball</a> <span class="p1"><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">|[</a><span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c1">x</font>,<font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font></span><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">]|</a></span>,<font color="Maroon" title="c3">r</font>
 ;<br/>

<b>then reconsider </b><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> = <font color="Maroon" title="c4">a</font> as   <a href="struct_0.html#NM1" title="STRUCT_0:NM.1">Element</a> of <span class="p1">(<span class="default"><a href="euclid.html#K15" title="EUCLID:func.15">TOP-REAL</a> 2</span>)</span> ;<br/>
<a NAME="E3:34_1"/><i><font color="Green" title="E31">A4</font></i>: 
<font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="hidden.html#R1" title="HIDDEN:pred.1">=</a> <span class="p1"><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">|[</a><span class="default"><span class="p2">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K21" title="EUCLID:func.21">`1</a> </span>)</span>,<span class="p2">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K22" title="EUCLID:func.22">`2</a> </span>)</span></span><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">]|</a></span>
 
<b>by </b><i><a class="ref" href="euclid.html#T57" title="EUCLID:th.57">EUCLID:57</a></i>;<br/>
<a NAME="E4:34_1"/><b>then </b>
<font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K20" title="EUCLID:func.20">-</a> <span class="p1"><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">|[</a><span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c1">x</font>,<font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font></span><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">]|</a></span> <a href="hidden.html#R1" title="HIDDEN:pred.1">=</a> <span class="p1"><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">|[</a><span class="default"><span class="p2">(<span class="default"><span class="p3">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K21" title="EUCLID:func.21">`1</a> </span>)</span> <a href="real_1.html#K9" title="REAL_1:func.9">-</a> <font color="Maroon" title="c1">x</font></span>)</span>,<span class="p2">(<span class="default"><span class="p3">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K22" title="EUCLID:func.22">`2</a> </span>)</span> <a href="real_1.html#K9" title="REAL_1:func.9">-</a> <font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font></span>)</span></span><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">]|</a></span>
 
<b>by </b><i><a class="ref" href="euclid.html#T66" title="EUCLID:th.66">EUCLID:66</a></i>;<br/>
<a NAME="E5:34_1"/><b>then </b>
( <span class="p1">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K20" title="EUCLID:func.20">-</a> <span class="p2"><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">|[</a><span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c1">x</font>,<font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font></span><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">]|</a></span></span>)</span> <a href="euclid.html#K21" title="EUCLID:func.21">`1</a>  <a href="hidden.html#R1" title="HIDDEN:pred.1">=</a> <span class="p1">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K21" title="EUCLID:func.21">`1</a> </span>)</span> <a href="real_1.html#K9" title="REAL_1:func.9">-</a> <font color="Maroon" title="c1">x</font> &amp; <span class="p1">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K20" title="EUCLID:func.20">-</a> <span class="p2"><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">|[</a><span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c1">x</font>,<font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font></span><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">]|</a></span></span>)</span> <a href="euclid.html#K22" title="EUCLID:func.22">`2</a>  <a href="hidden.html#R1" title="HIDDEN:pred.1">=</a> <span class="p1">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K22" title="EUCLID:func.22">`2</a> </span>)</span> <a href="real_1.html#K9" title="REAL_1:func.9">-</a> <font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font> )
 
<b>by </b><i><a class="ref" href="euclid.html#T56" title="EUCLID:th.56">EUCLID:56</a></i>;<br/>
<a NAME="E6:34_1"/><b>then </b>
( <span class="p1">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K21" title="EUCLID:func.21">`1</a> </span>)</span> <a href="real_1.html#K9" title="REAL_1:func.9">-</a> <font color="Maroon" title="c1">x</font> is   <a href="real_1.html#NM1" title="REAL_1:NM.1">Real</a> &amp; <span class="p1">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K22" title="EUCLID:func.22">`2</a> </span>)</span> <a href="real_1.html#K9" title="REAL_1:func.9">-</a> <font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font> is   <a href="real_1.html#NM1" title="REAL_1:NM.1">Real</a> &amp; <span class="p1"><a href="euclid.html#K12" title="EUCLID:func.12">|.</a><span class="default"><span class="p2">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K20" title="EUCLID:func.20">-</a> <span class="p3"><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">|[</a><span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c1">x</font>,<font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font></span><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">]|</a></span></span>)</span></span><a href="euclid.html#K12" title="EUCLID:func.12">.|</a></span> <a href="hidden.html#R1" title="HIDDEN:pred.1">=</a>  <a href="square_1.html#K7" title="SQUARE_1:func.7">sqrt</a> <span class="p1">(<span class="default"><span class="p2">(<span class="default"><span class="p3">(<span class="default"><span class="p4">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K21" title="EUCLID:func.21">`1</a> </span>)</span> <a href="real_1.html#K9" title="REAL_1:func.9">-</a> <font color="Maroon" title="c1">x</font></span>)</span> <a href="square_1.html#K5" title="SQUARE_1:func.5">^2</a> </span>)</span> <a href="real_1.html#K7" title="REAL_1:func.7">+</a> <span class="p2">(<span class="default"><span class="p3">(<span class="default"><span class="p4">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K22" title="EUCLID:func.22">`2</a> </span>)</span> <a href="real_1.html#K9" title="REAL_1:func.9">-</a> <font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font></span>)</span> <a href="square_1.html#K5" title="SQUARE_1:func.5">^2</a> </span>)</span></span>)</span> )
 
<b>by </b><i><a class="ref" href="jgraph_1.html#T47" title="JGRAPH_1:th.47">JGRAPH_1:47</a></i>;<br/>
<a NAME="E7:34_1"/><b>then </b>
<span class="p1"><a href="euclid.html#K12" title="EUCLID:func.12">|.</a><span class="default"><span class="p2">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K20" title="EUCLID:func.20">-</a> <span class="p3"><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">|[</a><span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c1">x</font>,<font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font></span><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">]|</a></span></span>)</span></span><a href="euclid.html#K12" title="EUCLID:func.12">.|</a></span> <a href="xxreal_0.html#NR2" title="XXREAL_0:NR.2">&gt;=</a>  <a href="complex1.html#K18" title="COMPLEX1:func.18">abs</a> <span class="p1">(<span class="default"><span class="p2">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K22" title="EUCLID:func.22">`2</a> </span>)</span> <a href="real_1.html#K9" title="REAL_1:func.9">-</a> <font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font></span>)</span>
 
<b>by </b><i><a class="ref" href="complex1.html#T165" title="COMPLEX1:th.165">COMPLEX1:165</a></i>;<br/>
<a NAME="E8:34_1"/><b>then </b>
( <span class="p1"><a href="euclid.html#K12" title="EUCLID:func.12">|.</a><span class="default"><span class="p2">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K20" title="EUCLID:func.20">-</a> <span class="p3"><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">|[</a><span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c1">x</font>,<font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font></span><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">]|</a></span></span>)</span></span><a href="euclid.html#K12" title="EUCLID:func.12">.|</a></span> <a href="xxreal_0.html#NR2" title="XXREAL_0:NR.2">&gt;=</a>  <a href="complex1.html#K18" title="COMPLEX1:func.18">abs</a> <span class="p1">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font> <a href="real_1.html#K5" title="REAL_1:func.5">-</a> <span class="p2">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K22" title="EUCLID:func.22">`2</a> </span>)</span></span>)</span> &amp; <span class="p1"><a href="euclid.html#K12" title="EUCLID:func.12">|.</a><span class="default"><span class="p2">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K20" title="EUCLID:func.20">-</a> <span class="p3"><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">|[</a><span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c1">x</font>,<font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font></span><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">]|</a></span></span>)</span></span><a href="euclid.html#K12" title="EUCLID:func.12">.|</a></span> <a href="xxreal_0.html#NR3" title="XXREAL_0:NR.3">&lt;</a> <font color="Maroon" title="c3">r</font> )
 
<b>by </b><i><a class="txt" href="topgen_5.html#E1:34_1"><i><font color="Green" title="E30">A3</font></i></a>, <a class="ref" href="complex1.html#T146" title="COMPLEX1:th.146">COMPLEX1:146</a>, <a class="ref" href="topreal9.html#T7" title="TOPREAL9:th.7">TOPREAL9:7</a></i>;<br/>
<a NAME="E9:34_1"/><b>then </b><i><font color="Green" title="E32">A5</font></i>: 
 <a href="complex1.html#K18" title="COMPLEX1:func.18">abs</a> <span class="p1">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font> <a href="real_1.html#K5" title="REAL_1:func.5">-</a> <span class="p2">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K22" title="EUCLID:func.22">`2</a> </span>)</span></span>)</span> <a href="xxreal_0.html#NR3" title="XXREAL_0:NR.3">&lt;</a> <font color="Maroon" title="c3">r</font>
 
<b>by </b><i><a class="ref" href="xxreal_0.html#T2" title="XXREAL_0:th.2">XXREAL_0:2</a></i>;<br/>
<div><a class="txt" onclick="hs2(this)" href="javascript:()" title="34_1_1"><b>now </b></a><div class="add"><b>assume </b><a NAME="E1:34_1_1"/>
<font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K22" title="EUCLID:func.22">`2</a>  <a href="xxreal_0.html#NR3" title="XXREAL_0:NR.3">&lt;</a>  <a href="numbers.html#K6" title="NUMBERS:func.6">0</a> 
 ;<br/><b>hence </b><a NAME="E2:34_1_1"/>
<font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font> <a href="real_1.html#K5" title="REAL_1:func.5">-</a> <span class="p1">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K22" title="EUCLID:func.22">`2</a> </span>)</span> <a href="xxreal_0.html#NR4" title="XXREAL_0:NR.4">&gt;</a> <font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font>
 <b>by </b><i><a class="ref" href="xreal_1.html#T48" title="XREAL_1:th.48">XREAL_1:48</a></i>;<br/><b>hence </b><a NAME="E3:34_1_1"/>
 <a href="complex1.html#K18" title="COMPLEX1:func.18">abs</a> <span class="p1">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font> <a href="real_1.html#K5" title="REAL_1:func.5">-</a> <span class="p2">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K22" title="EUCLID:func.22">`2</a> </span>)</span></span>)</span> <a href="hidden.html#R1" title="HIDDEN:pred.1">=</a> <font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font> <a href="real_1.html#K5" title="REAL_1:func.5">-</a> <span class="p1">(<span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c5">z</font> <a href="euclid.html#K22" title="EUCLID:func.22">`2</a> </span>)</span>
 <b>by </b><i><a class="txt" href="topgen_5.html#E1:34"><i><font color="Green" title="E28">A1</font></i></a>, <a class="ref" href="absvalue.html#D1" title="ABSVALUE:def.1">ABSVALUE:def 1</a></i>;<br/></div><b>end;</b></div>
<b>hence </b><a NAME="E11:34_1"/>
<font color="Maroon" title="c4">a</font> <a href="hidden.html#R2" title="HIDDEN:pred.2">in</a>  <a href="topgen_5.html#K2" title="TOPGEN_5:func.2">y&gt;=0-plane</a> 
 <b>by </b><i><a class="txt" href="topgen_5.html#E1:34"><i><font color="Green" title="E28">A1</font></i></a>, <a class="txt" href="topgen_5.html#E3:34_1"><i><font color="Green" title="E31">A4</font></i></a>, <a class="txt" href="topgen_5.html#E9:34_1"><i><font color="Green" title="E32">A5</font></i></a>, <a class="ref" href="xxreal_0.html#T2" title="XXREAL_0:th.2">XXREAL_0:2</a></i>;<br/>


</div><b>end;</b></div>
<b>hence </b><a NAME="E4:34"/>
 <a href="topreal9.html#K1" title="TOPREAL9:func.1">Ball</a> <span class="p1"><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">|[</a><span class="default"><font color="Maroon" title="c1">x</font>,<font color="Maroon" title="c2">y</font></span><a href="euclid.html#K23" title="EUCLID:func.23">]|</a></span>,<font color="Maroon" title="c3">r</font> is  <a href="pre_topc.html#V3" title="PRE_TOPC:attr.3">open</a> <a href="struct_0.html#NM2" title="STRUCT_0:NM.2">Subset</a> of <a href="topgen_5.html#K3" title="TOPGEN_5:func.3">Niemytzki-plane</a> 
 <b>by </b><i><a class="txt" href="topgen_5.html#E2:34"><i><font color="Green" title="E29">A2</font></i></a>, <a class="ref" href="xboole_1.html#T28" title="XBOOLE_1:th.28">XBOOLE_1:28</a></i>;<br/>


</div>
